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_articles/bn/best-practices.md

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lang: en
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lang: bn
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title: Best Practices for Maintainers
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description: Making your life easier as an open source maintainer, from documenting processes to leveraging your community.
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class: best-practices
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Here are a few rules that are worth writing down:
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* How a contribution is reviewed and accepted (_Do they need tests? An issue template?_)
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* The types of contributions you'll accept (_Do you only want help with a certain part of your code?_)
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* When it's appropriate to follow up (_for example, "You can expect a response from a maintainer within 7 days. If you haven't heard anything by then, feel free to ping the thread."_)
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* How much time you spend on the project (_for example, "We only spend about 5 hours per week on this project"_)
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- How a contribution is reviewed and accepted (_Do they need tests? An issue template?_)
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- The types of contributions you'll accept (_Do you only want help with a certain part of your code?_)
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- When it's appropriate to follow up (_for example, "You can expect a response from a maintainer within 7 days. If you haven't heard anything by then, feel free to ping the thread."_)
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- How much time you spend on the project (_for example, "We only spend about 5 hours per week on this project"_)
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[Jekyll](https://github.com/jekyll/jekyll/tree/master/docs), [CocoaPods](https://github.com/CocoaPods/CocoaPods/wiki/Communication-&-Design-Rules), and [Homebrew](https://github.com/Homebrew/brew/blob/bbed7246bc5c5b7acb8c1d427d10b43e090dfd39/docs/Maintainers-Avoiding-Burnout.md) are several examples of projects with ground rules for maintainers and contributors.
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Having everything written down, however, helps depersonalize situations when you do need to enforce your rules.
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Saying no isn't fun, but _"Your contribution doesn't match this project's criteria"_ feels less personal than _"I don't like your contribution"_.
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Saying no isn't fun, but _"Your contribution doesn't match this project's criteria"_ feels less personal than _"I don't like your contribution"_.
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Saying no applies to many situations you'll come across as a maintainer: feature requests that don't fit the scope, someone derailing a discussion, doing unnecessary work for others.
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If you don't want to accept a contribution:
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* **Thank them** for their contribution
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* **Explain why it doesn't fit** into the scope of the project, and offer clear suggestions for improvement, if you're able. Be kind, but firm.
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* **Link to relevant documentation**, if you have it. If you notice repeated requests for things you don't want to accept, add them into your documentation to avoid repeating yourself.
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* **Close the request**
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- **Thank them** for their contribution
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- **Explain why it doesn't fit** into the scope of the project, and offer clear suggestions for improvement, if you're able. Be kind, but firm.
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- **Link to relevant documentation**, if you have it. If you notice repeated requests for things you don't want to accept, add them into your documentation to avoid repeating yourself.
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- **Close the request**
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You shouldn't need more than 1-2 sentences to respond. For example, when a user of [celery](https://github.com/celery/celery/) reported a Windows-related error, @berkerpeksag [responded with](https://github.com/celery/celery/issues/3383):
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If you're receiving too many low-quality contributions, require that contributors do a bit of work beforehand, for example:
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* Fill out an issue or PR template/checklist
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* Open an issue before submitting a PR
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- Fill out an issue or PR template/checklist
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- Open an issue before submitting a PR
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If they don't follow your rules, close the issue immediately and point to your documentation.
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There are a [variety of tools available](https://github.com/showcases/tools-for-open-source) to help automate some aspects of maintenance work. A few examples:
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* [semantic-release](https://github.com/semantic-release/semantic-release) automates your releases
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* [mention-bot](https://github.com/facebook/mention-bot) mentions potential reviewers for pull requests
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* [Danger](https://github.com/danger/danger) helps automate code review
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* [no-response](https://github.com/probot/no-response) closes issues where the author hasn't responded to a request for more information
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* [dependabot](https://github.com/dependabot) checks your dependency files every day for outdated requirements and opens individual pull requests for any it finds
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- [semantic-release](https://github.com/semantic-release/semantic-release) automates your releases
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- [mention-bot](https://github.com/facebook/mention-bot) mentions potential reviewers for pull requests
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- [Danger](https://github.com/danger/danger) helps automate code review
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- [no-response](https://github.com/probot/no-response) closes issues where the author hasn't responded to a request for more information
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- [dependabot](https://github.com/dependabot) checks your dependency files every day for outdated requirements and opens individual pull requests for any it finds
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For bug reports and other common contributions, GitHub has [Issue Templates and Pull Request Templates](https://github.com/blog/2111-issue-and-pull-request-templates), which you can create to streamline the communication you receive. @TalAter made a [Choose Your Own Adventure guide](https://www.talater.com/open-source-templates/#/) to help you write your issue and PR templates.
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_articles/bn/building-community.md

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title: Building Welcoming Communities
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description: Building a community that encourages people to use, contribute to, and evangelize your project.
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Start with your documentation:
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* **Make it easy for someone to use your project.** [A friendly README](../starting-a-project/#writing-a-readme) and clear code examples will make it easier for anyone who lands on your project to get started.
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* **Clearly explain how to contribute**, using [your CONTRIBUTING file](../starting-a-project/#writing-your-contributing-guidelines) and keeping your issues up-to-date.
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* **Good first issues**: To help new contributors get started, consider explicitly [labeling issues that are simple enough for beginners to tackle](https://help.github.com/en/articles/helping-new-contributors-find-your-project-with-labels). GitHub will then surface these issues in various places on the platform, increasing useful contributions, and reducing friction from users tackling issues that are too hard for their level.
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- **Make it easy for someone to use your project.** [A friendly README](../starting-a-project/#writing-a-readme) and clear code examples will make it easier for anyone who lands on your project to get started.
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- **Clearly explain how to contribute**, using [your CONTRIBUTING file](../starting-a-project/#writing-your-contributing-guidelines) and keeping your issues up-to-date.
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- **Good first issues**: To help new contributors get started, consider explicitly [labeling issues that are simple enough for beginners to tackle](https://help.github.com/en/articles/helping-new-contributors-find-your-project-with-labels). GitHub will then surface these issues in various places on the platform, increasing useful contributions, and reducing friction from users tackling issues that are too hard for their level.
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[GitHub's 2017 Open Source Survey](http://opensourcesurvey.org/2017/) showed incomplete or confusing documentation is the biggest problem for open source users. Good documentation invites people to interact with your project. Eventually, someone will open an issue or pull request. Use these interactions as opportunities to move them down the funnel.
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* **When someone new lands on your project, thank them for their interest!** It only takes one negative experience to make someone not want to come back.
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* **Be responsive.** If you don't respond to their issue for a month, chances are, they've already forgotten about your project.
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* **Be open-minded about the types of contributions you'll accept.** Many contributors start with a bug report or a small fix. There are [many ways to contribute](../how-to-contribute/#what-it-means-to-contribute) to a project. Let people help how they want to help.
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* **If there's a contribution you disagree with,** thank them for their idea and [explain why](../best-practices/#learning-to-say-no) it doesn't fit into the scope of the project, linking to relevant documentation if you have it.
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- **When someone new lands on your project, thank them for their interest!** It only takes one negative experience to make someone not want to come back.
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- **Be responsive.** If you don't respond to their issue for a month, chances are, they've already forgotten about your project.
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- **Be open-minded about the types of contributions you'll accept.** Many contributors start with a bug report or a small fix. There are [many ways to contribute](../how-to-contribute/#what-it-means-to-contribute) to a project. Let people help how they want to help.
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- **If there's a contribution you disagree with,** thank them for their idea and [explain why](../best-practices/#learning-to-say-no) it doesn't fit into the scope of the project, linking to relevant documentation if you have it.
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<aside markdown="1" class="pquote">
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See if you can find ways to share ownership with your community as much as possible. Here are some ideas:
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* **Resist fixing easy (non-critical) bugs.** Instead, use them as opportunities to recruit new contributors, or mentor someone who'd like to contribute. It may seem unnatural at first, but your investment will pay off over time. For example, @michaeljoseph asked a contributor to submit a pull request on a [Cookiecutter](https://github.com/audreyr/cookiecutter) issue below, rather than fix it himself.
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- **Resist fixing easy (non-critical) bugs.** Instead, use them as opportunities to recruit new contributors, or mentor someone who'd like to contribute. It may seem unnatural at first, but your investment will pay off over time. For example, @michaeljoseph asked a contributor to submit a pull request on a [Cookiecutter](https://github.com/audreyr/cookiecutter) issue below, rather than fix it himself.
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![Cookiecutter issue](/assets/images/building-community/cookiecutter_submit_pr.png)
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* **Start a CONTRIBUTORS or AUTHORS file in your project** that lists everyone who's contributed to your project, like [Sinatra](https://github.com/sinatra/sinatra/blob/HEAD/AUTHORS.md) does.
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- **Start a CONTRIBUTORS or AUTHORS file in your project** that lists everyone who's contributed to your project, like [Sinatra](https://github.com/sinatra/sinatra/blob/HEAD/AUTHORS.md) does.
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* If you've got a sizable community, **send out a newsletter or write a blog post** thanking contributors. Rust's [This Week in Rust](https://this-week-in-rust.org/) and Hoodie's [Shoutouts](http://hood.ie/blog/shoutouts-week-24.html) are two good examples.
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- If you've got a sizable community, **send out a newsletter or write a blog post** thanking contributors. Rust's [This Week in Rust](https://this-week-in-rust.org/) and Hoodie's [Shoutouts](http://hood.ie/blog/shoutouts-week-24.html) are two good examples.
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* **Give every contributor commit access.** @felixge found that this made people [more excited to polish their patches](https://felixge.de/2013/03/11/the-pull-request-hack.html), and he even found new maintainers for projects that he hadn't worked on in awhile.
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- **Give every contributor commit access.** @felixge found that this made people [more excited to polish their patches](https://felixge.de/2013/03/11/the-pull-request-hack.html), and he even found new maintainers for projects that he hadn't worked on in awhile.
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* If your project is on GitHub, **move your project from your personal account to an [Organization](https://help.github.com/articles/creating-a-new-organization-account/)** and add at least one backup admin. Organizations make it easier to work on projects with external collaborators.
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- If your project is on GitHub, **move your project from your personal account to an [Organization](https://help.github.com/articles/creating-a-new-organization-account/)** and add at least one backup admin. Organizations make it easier to work on projects with external collaborators.
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The reality is that [most projects only have](https://peerj.com/preprints/1233/) one or two maintainers who do most of the work. The bigger your project, and the bigger your community, the easier it is to find help.
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_articles/bn/code-of-conduct.md

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title: Your Code of Conduct
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description: Facilitate healthy and constructive community behavior by adopting and enforcing a code of conduct.
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In addition to communicating your expectations, a code of conduct describes the following:
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* Where the code of conduct takes effect _(only on issues and pull requests, or community activities like events?)_
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* Whom the code of conduct applies to _(community members and maintainers, but what about sponsors?)_
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* What happens if someone violates the code of conduct
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* How someone can report violations
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- Where the code of conduct takes effect _(only on issues and pull requests, or community activities like events?)_
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- Whom the code of conduct applies to _(community members and maintainers, but what about sponsors?)_
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- What happens if someone violates the code of conduct
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- How someone can report violations
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Wherever you can, use prior art. The [Contributor Covenant](https://contributor-covenant.org/) is a drop-in code of conduct that is used by over 40,000 open source projects, including Kubernetes, Rails, and Swift.
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You should explain how your code of conduct will be enforced **_before_** a violation occurs. There are several reasons to do so:
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- It demonstrates that you are serious about taking action when it's needed.
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* Your community will feel more reassured that complaints actually get reviewed.
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- Your community will feel more reassured that complaints actually get reviewed.
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* You'll reassure your community that the review process is fair and transparent, should they ever find themselves investigated for a violation.
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- You'll reassure your community that the review process is fair and transparent, should they ever find themselves investigated for a violation.
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You should give people a private way (such as an email address) to report a code of conduct violation and explain who receives that report. It could be a maintainer, a group of maintainers, or a code of conduct working group.
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Don't forget that someone might want to report a violation about a person who receives those reports. In this case, give them an option to report violations to someone else. For example, @ctb and @mr-c [explain on their project](https://github.com/dib-lab/khmer/blob/HEAD/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.rst), [khmer](https://github.com/dib-lab/khmer):
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> Instances of abusive, harassing, or otherwise unacceptable behavior may be reported by emailing **[email protected]** which only goes to C. Titus Brown and Michael R. Crusoe. To report an issue involving either of them please email **Judi Brown Clarke, Ph.D.** the Diversity Director at the BEACON Center for the Study of Evolution in Action, an NSF Center for Science and Technology.*
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> Instances of abusive, harassing, or otherwise unacceptable behavior may be reported by emailing **[email protected]** which only goes to C. Titus Brown and Michael R. Crusoe. To report an issue involving either of them please email **Judi Brown Clarke, Ph.D.** the Diversity Director at the BEACON Center for the Study of Evolution in Action, an NSF Center for Science and Technology.\*
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For inspiration, check out Django's [enforcement manual](https://www.djangoproject.com/conduct/enforcement-manual/) (though you may not need something this comprehensive, depending on the size of your project).
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There are a few ways you might respond to a code of conduct violation:
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* **Give the person in question a public warning** and explain how their behavior negatively impacted others, preferably in the channel where it occurred. Where possible, public communication conveys to the rest of the community that you take the code of conduct seriously. Be kind, but firm in your communication.
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- **Give the person in question a public warning** and explain how their behavior negatively impacted others, preferably in the channel where it occurred. Where possible, public communication conveys to the rest of the community that you take the code of conduct seriously. Be kind, but firm in your communication.
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* **Privately reach out to the person** in question to explain how their behavior negatively impacted others. You may want to use a private communication channel if the situation involves sensitive personal information. If you communicate with someone privately, it's a good idea to CC those who first reported the situation, so they know you took action. Ask the reporting person for consent before CCing them.
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- **Privately reach out to the person** in question to explain how their behavior negatively impacted others. You may want to use a private communication channel if the situation involves sensitive personal information. If you communicate with someone privately, it's a good idea to CC those who first reported the situation, so they know you took action. Ask the reporting person for consent before CCing them.
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Sometimes, a resolution cannot be reached. The person in question may become aggressive or hostile when confronted or does not change their behavior. In this situation, you may want to consider taking stronger action. For example:
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* **Suspend the person** in question from the project, enforced through a temporary ban on participating in any aspect of the project
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- **Suspend the person** in question from the project, enforced through a temporary ban on participating in any aspect of the project
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* **Permanently ban** the person from the project
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- **Permanently ban** the person from the project
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Banning members should not be taken lightly and represents a permanent and irreconcilable difference of perspectives. You should only take these measures when it is clear that a resolution cannot be reached.
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