Link time constant robustness: Remove uses of raw integer types in type layout passes

Further to https://github.com/shader-slang/slang/issues/8831 and https://github.com/shader-slang/slang/issues/8832 we should replace the raw integer values used in the problematic cases listed in https://github.com/shader-slang/slang/issues/8831 with LayoutOffset where appropriate which tracks failed cases. Ensuring that we actually handle the failed cases gracefully. 