The circuit produces triangular and square waveforms whose frequency and amplitude vary linearly with the input control voltage.
- Architecture: Integrator + Bistable Comparator + DC–DC Converter
- ICs Used: LM741 & LM318N Operational Amplifiers
- Supply Voltage: ±12 V DC
- Control Voltage (Vc): 0.1 V – 5 V
- Waveforms: Symmetrical Square & Triangular
- Simulation Tool: NI Multisim
- Output Amplitude: ±6.3 V (12.6 Vₚ₋ₚ)
- Operating Frequency: 100 Hz – 4.4 kHz
- Frequency-Voltage Linearity: ≈ 880 Hz / V with < 3 % error
- Gain Control: 0 – 8 Vₚ₋ₚ using a 10 kΩ potentiometer
- Dual-Range Frequency Selector:
- Range #1 → 100 Hz – 4.4 kHz
- Range #2 → 20 Hz – 880 Hz
- Limiter Stage: ±6.3 V Zener-diode precision clipping
- Integrator Stage: Converts square-wave to linear-ramp triangular waveform
- Bistable Comparator: Generates symmetric square-wave switching
- DC–DC Converter: Provides stable ± rails for modulation and frequency control
- Built and tested on breadboard under ± 12 V dual supply
- Measured ± 6.3 V output amplitude at ≈ 4.4 kHz, matching simulation
- Confirmed linear tuning across all input voltages (0.1 V → 5 V)
- Verified clean, low-noise waveforms on oscilloscope
- Implemented dual-potentiometer tuning for amplitude and frequency control
- Designed, simulated, and implemented a tunable analog waveform generator with strong alignment between theoretical, simulated, and experimental results.
- Demonstrated precise voltage-to-frequency control, advanced op-amp circuit integration, and hardware-level optimization.
- Validated full system performance for both frequency and gain modulation through practical testing.